PROTOCOLS

PROTOCOLS:

A protocol is a group of rules that govern's data communication and networks. It represents the agreement between the communicating devices sender or receiver. Two devices may be connected but not communicated; just a person speaking French cannot be a understood by a person who speak only Japanese.

GENERALL DESCRIBTION OF DATA COMMUNICATION

GENERALL DESCRIBTION OF DATA COMMUNICATION:-
1) Simplex.
2) Half Duplex.
3) Full Duplex.

SIMPLEX:-
One way transmission of data is called Simplex. In Simplex transmission signals are transmitted in one way direction one station is transmitter and other is Receiver.

   
HALF DUPLEX:-
In half duplex operation both station may transmit, but only one at a time.

     

FULL DUPLEX:-
In full duplex operation both station may transmitted simultaneously. The medium is carrying signals at both directions at same time.

Data communication can be described simply in 3 terms.
1) Data Transmitter. (Source)
2) Data Transmission. (Channel)
3) Data Receiver. (Receiver)

MEDIUM

MEDIUM:-

The physical path of two devices between sender to Receiver is known as MEDIUM.

Example:-
Twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fibber optic cable, radio waves and etc.  

History Of Computer

History Of Computer

It is well known that computers have changed the way of life. The computer has transformed the way we communicate and learn due to business . Restart the computer control have replaced the backup task performed by humans.
The information revolution is to be found infected in every way to his own life . Today all computers in machine control .
Example: -
Train , plane, etc Automobiles

Computer Generation:

First Generation - (1945-1955)
• The computers, ENIAC , EDVAC , UNIVAC and Mark 1 covers the initial phase of development of computers belonging to the first generation of computers.
• This equipment is mainly made ​​"between" 1945-1955 .
• The computers developed in this generation used vacuum tubes.
• devices These devices were faster calculation time . However, the memory size of these computers was limited.
• They were big , expensive and unreliable.

Second Generation - (1955-1964)
• The transistor replaced vacuum tubes and leads to the second generation of computers like UNIVAC 2 IBM 1401 and CDC 1604.
• These computers were smaller, faster and more reliable compared to first generation computers .

Third generation: - (1964-1970)
• In early 1960, solid-state electronic technology has been introduced .
• The development of integrated circuits ( ICs).
• On Deck technology as solid state .
• generation equipment is more reliable , faster and smaller than the previous once .

Forth Generation - (1964 -Present )
• In 1971 , the development of integrated circuit technology was sufficient to incorporate all the major functions of a computer on a single chip called " microprocessor " .
• The introduction of the microprocessor is the next generation computer age .
• A direct consequence is the development of a microprocessor or microcomputer that brought down the organization personally.

Fifth Generation - (now - beyond)
• Defining the fifth generation of computers is a bit difficult because the field is in its infancy .
• The most famous example of a fifth generation computer is the fictional HAL900 of the novel by Arthur C. Clarke, 2001 : A Space Odyssey .
• The invention of Artificial Intelligence of the fifth generation.
• The example of the fifth generation computer is Pentium 4 dual core laptop supercomputers , personal computers, handheld computers , mainframes and more.
• Today, computers have attributes of fifth generation computers . The best example is a.i reborts .

Component of E-Commerce

Component of E-Commerce

. The main components of E -Commerce are given below.
1.Web browser .
2.Web Server .
3.System Manager / payment transaction.
4.Standards (Exit and emerging ) .

Web browser.
1.A software that allows people to access the World Wide Web ( WWW) .
2.Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator are the two most popular browsers.

Web server.
Web server are special computers that store and deliver Internet ( use ) of Web pages.
A Web page is a specially formatted document that you can view in your browser.
A Web server can host one or more websites.

System Manager / payment transaction.
Exchange of electronic memory, including through (mostly) checks, smart cards, digital cash , and electronic funds transfer ( EFT ) .

Standards (Exit and emerging ) .
Methods to facilitate interaction e -Commerce , is to ensure the security of transactions , reliability, Electronic Data Interchange and privacy

E - COMMERCE

E - COMMERCE

1. E - commerce stands for Electronic Commerce .
2. E - Commerce is a kind of industry where the building and sale of product or service is performed on the electronic system such as the Internet and other computer networks .
3.E - Commerce is generally regarded as the marketing aspect of E -Business . It also involves the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transaction.
Types of E -Commerce
There are 5 main types of e -commerce .
1.Business consumption (BTC) .
2.Business to Business . (B2B) .
3.Consumer for consumers ( C2C) .
4.Peer to Peer ( P2P) .
5.Mobile Commerce (M -Commerce ) .

Business to Business . (B2B) .
This is the greatest form of e -commerce businesses involving billions of dollars.
In this form the buyer and sellers are both business entities and business entities and do not have one in the divisible computers.

Business to Consumer ( B2C) .
The basic concept behind this type is that online retailers and marketers can sell their consumer products online using clear data that are available through various online marketing tools .

Consumer to Consumer (C2C) .
It center online transaction of goods or services between two people. With no intermediary involved are visible , but the parties can not perform operations without the platform that is provided by the market maker such as eBay .

Peer To Peer ( P2P) .
Due to it is a model E - commerce but it is more than that. It is a technology in itself that helps people to directly share computer files and computer resources without having to go through a central web server.
Mobile commerce (m - commerce) .
It refers to the use of mobile devices to perform transactions . Holders phones can design and development companies optimize websites to be viewed correctly on mobile devices

FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA COMMUNICATION

FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS NETWORKING:-
The effectiveness of a data communication system depends on three basic characteristics.

1) Delivery
2) Accuracy
3) Timeline

DELIVERY: -
The system must supplied data to the correct destination.

CLARIFICATION: -
The system must provide the data accurately. The data that has changed in the transmission and are uncorrected are unusable.

TIME LINE:-
The system must delivered timely data. The transmitted data is unnecessary delay. For example in the case of video and audio delivered in due time delivering average data as they are produced. In the same order in which they are produced with significantly behind. This type of service is called real-time transmission.